RESUMO
The biological invasion caused by the invasive macroalga Rugulopteryx okamurae is causing increasing concern in southern Europe. To reduce its impact, this brown alga can be treated from a biorefinery approach. In this study, the macroalga is used as raw material to obtain fermentable sugars, which can be converted into high value-added products. The alga was exposed to hydrothermal and hydrothermal acid pretreatment and the pretreated biomass was used for enzymatic hydrolysis, achieving a hydrolysate with a reducing sugar concentration of almost 25 g/L (49.2% more than with non-pretreated alga). In addition, the combined severity factor was calculated to identify the best pretreatment conditions, finding the optimum in those pretreatments performed with 0.2 N HCl concentration and 15 min reaction time. Based on the results, it would be interesting to carry out new studies using the saccharified medium obtained under optimal conditions to obtain value-added compounds by fermentation.
RESUMO
Resumen La leishmaniasis es la tercera de las enfermedades de transmisión vectorial a humanos en importancia por el número de casos y la población en riesgo. En Paraguay la leishmaniasis cutánea es una enfermedad endémica atribuida en casi todos los casos a Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. El objetivo del artículo es describir las características demográficas y clínicas de una serie de casos de pacientes con leishmaniasis en el V departamento de Caaguazú y departamentos cercanos, epidemiológicamente endémicos. Se reportan casos diagnosticados en los meses enero a diciembre del año 2019. Los casos se presentaron en el departamento de Caaguazú, abarcando los diferentes distritos que componen y departamentos cercanos como Canindeyú, Alto Paraná y Guaira. De los casos registrados (9 casos) fueron hombres y (6 casos) tuvieron entre 50 a 70 años de edad. La lesión estuvo situada mayormente en el tabique nasal en 8 casos, con una evolución de menos de 10 años (6 casos) y en 4 casos dejo cicatriz. Solo 3 casos completaron su tratamiento. Se sugiere realizar el reporte de casos para tener un panorama de los casos de leishmaniasis en Paraguay como vigilancia sanitaria de la enfermedad y localizar focos de contagio.
Abstract Leishmaniasis is the third most important vector-borne diseases in humans due to the number of cases and the population at risk. In Paraguay, cutaneous leishmaniasis is an endemic disease attributed in almost all cases to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. The objective of the article was to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of a series of cases of patients with leishmaniasis in the V department of Caaguazú and nearby departments, epidemiologically endemic. Cases diagnosed in the months of January to December of the year 2019 are reported. The cases occurred in the department of Caaguazú, covering the different districts that make up and nearby departments such as Canindeyú, Alto Paraná and Guaira. Of the registered cases (9 cases) were men and (6 cases) were between 50 and 70 years of age. The lesion was located mainly in the nasal septum in 8 cases, with an evolution of less than 10 years (6 cases) and in 4 cases it left a scar. Only 3 cases completed their treatment. It is suggested to carry out the case report to have an overview of Leishmania cases in Paraguay as a health surveillance of the disease and to locate sources of contagion.
RESUMO
En el departamento del Vaupés la Medicina tradicional (MT) juega un papel fundamental en las comunidades indígenas, siendo transmitida oralmente entre generaciones, lo que podría generar la pérdida de conocimientos. Se pretende, a través de una entrevista semiestructurada a jóvenes, determinar la importancia dada por ellos a la MT. Como resultado se obtiene que existe un polilinguÌísmo individual marcado, pero representado en minorías etnolinguÌísticas, implicando una permeabilidad constante de saberes y tradiciones, sin embargo se observa un reconocimiento claro de la MT y de los procesos que ella implica, estando relacionado con el uso de idiomas nativos y con la interacción que en su comunidad, familia y escuela se haga.Por esta razón actividades comunitarias como pescar, lavar en el río y trabajar en la chagra son actividades de mayor influencia para la apropiación de la MT, estando estas influenciadas por la capacidad de integración con las personas mayores por el idioma.
At the state of the Vaupés, the Traditional Medicine (MT) has a fundamental roll between the native communities, being orally transmitted among generations, which could lead to loss of knowledges. It is pretended through a semi-structured survey done to teen agers, to determine their importance to the (MI). As a result it was obtained that a marked single polinguilism exists, but it is represented by minor ethnolinguistic groups, explaining a constant permeability of knowledge and traditions, however it is observed a clear appreciation of the MT and of the implicit processes, being related with the use of the native languages and the done inter action with their community, family and school. It is the reason why community activities like to fish, wash clothing at the river and work in the farm are huge influenced activities for the MT appropriation, and been influenced by the integration capacity with their language elder people.
